Research Methods
Key steps that make a research study more transparent, reproducible and interpretable.
Define the research question
A focused question determines the population, exposure/intervention, comparator and outcome where relevant.
Choose the study design
Select a design that matches the scientific question rather than forcing every question into the same design.
Predefine methods
Document protocols, outcomes, inclusion criteria, analysis plans and key decisions before data collection where appropriate.
Control bias and confounding
Use randomization, blinding, matching, adjustment or other appropriate approaches depending on the design.
Analyze uncertainty
Report effect estimates with appropriate uncertainty measures rather than relying only on whether a p-value crosses a threshold.
Report transparently
Make methods, limitations and relevant data/materials accessible enough for readers to assess and reproduce the work.